Traditional rollup-based designs rely on commodity validators to verify transactions, but high-throughput verification (1Gb/s) exceeds the capabilities of most nodes. Posting such data on Layer 1 (L1) is bandwidth-intensive and costly. InfiniSVM addresses these challenges with a Proof-of-Authority-and-Stake (PoAS) model that combines sequencer-led verification, distributed proof generation, and fallback security on Solana.


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PoA&S Consensus Model

InfiniSVM introduces a sequencer-driven model where transactions are batched into shreds, each containing:

  • Slot number & transaction vector
  • Version metadata for accessed accounts
  • Linkage hashes for state continuity

Only a minimal (Effect Hash, Shred Hash) pair is posted on Solana, ensuring data availability while avoiding L1 congestion.


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Transaction Verification & Voting Mechanism

Upon receiving a shred, a prover follows a two-step validation process:

  1. State Reconstruction & Effect Hash Verification

    • The prover checks account versions.
    • If missing state, the prover requests shreds from the sequencer.
    • The prover re-executes transactions to derive an effect hash.
    • If the computed hash matches the shred’s embedded effect hash, the prover votes for acceptance.

  2. Majority Vote Finalization

    • A 51% vote is required to mark a shred as finalized.
    • If all previous shreds are finalized, the sequencer assembles proof for the block.

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Handling Malicious Sequencers & Fault Tolerance

  • Malicious Proposer Detection

    • Honest provers detect invalid transactions via effect hash mismatches and vote against them.
    • If the sequencer repeatedly submits invalid shreds, it is marked as offline.
    • Failover to a backup sequencer occurs via PoA voting on Solana.

  • Censorship Resistance

    • If the sequencer ignores transactions, users can force inclusion by submitting transactions directly to Solana.

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Efficient Prover Selection & Incentives

To prevent hardware-intensive requirements for provers:

  • The sequencer uses a round-robin method to select 2/3 of online provers.
  • Subdivided verification tasks allow provers to distribute workload across multiple nodes.
  • Elastic cloud scaling allows provers to handle surges in verification demand.

Prover reward structure:

  • Earn fees from processed shreds and inflationary $LAYER rewards.
  • Malicious or inactive provers face slashing:
    • 1st violation: Loss of epoch fees.
    • 2nd violation: 1% slash on staked tokens.
    • Subsequent violations: 5% stake slash per offense.

The PoAS model in InfiniSVM achieves:

  • Scalable, high-throughput consensus without overloading L1.
  • Efficient, decentralized validation via sequencer-led voting.
  • Robust security with fallback mechanisms on Solana.

By optimizing prover participation, reducing L1 bandwidth costs, and ensuring censorship resistance, InfiniSVM scales consensus while maintaining decentralization and integrity.